{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![](images/EscUpmPolit_p.gif \"UPM\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Course Notes for Learning Intelligent Systems"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Department of Telematic Engineering Systems, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, © 2016 Carlos A. Iglesias"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## [Introduction to Machine Learning](0_0_Intro_ML_2.ipynb)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Table of Contents\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Introduction to Pandas](#Introduction-to-Pandas)\n",
    "* [Series](#Series)\n",
    "* [DataFrame](#DataFrame)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Introduction to Pandas\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This notebook provides an overview of the *pandas* library. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "[Pandas](http://pandas.pydata.org/) is a Python library that provides easy-to-use data structures and data analysis tools.\n",
    "\n",
    "The main advantage of *Pandas* is that provides extensive facilities for grouping, merging and querying  pandas data structures, and also includes facilities for time series analysis, as well as i/o and visualisation facilities.\n",
    "\n",
    "Pandas in built on top of *NumPy*, so we will have usually to import both libraries.\n",
    "\n",
    "Pandas provides two main data structures:\n",
    "* **Series** is a one dimensional labelled object, capable of holding any data type (integers, strings, floating point numbers, Python objects, etc.).. It is similar to an array, a list, a dictionary or a column in a table. Every value in a Series object has an index.\n",
    "* **DataFrame** is a two dimensional labelled object with columns of potentially different types. It is similar to a database table, or a spreadsheet. It can be seen as a dictionary of Series that share the same index.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Series"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We are not going to use Series objects directly as frequently as DataFrames. Here we provide a short introduction"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0     5\n",
       "1    10\n",
       "2    15\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "from pandas import Series, DataFrame\n",
    "\n",
    "# create series object from an array\n",
    "s = Series([5, 10, 15])\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We see each value has an associated label starting with 0 if no index is specified when the Series object is created. \n",
    "\n",
    "It is similar to a dictionary. In fact, we can also create a Series object from a dictionary as follows. In this case, the indexes are the keys of the dictionary."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a     5\n",
       "b    10\n",
       "c    15\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d = {'a': 5, 'b': 10, 'c': 15}\n",
    "s = Series(d)\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We can get the list of indexes\n",
    "s.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 5, 10, 15])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# and the values\n",
    "s.values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Another option is to create the Series object from two lists, for  values and indexes."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Madrid       3141991\n",
       "Barcelona    1604555\n",
       "Valencia      786189\n",
       "Sevilla       693878\n",
       "Zaragoza      664953\n",
       "Malaga        569130\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Series with population in 2015 of more populated cities in Spain\n",
    "s = Series([3141991, 1604555, 786189, 693878, 664953, 569130], index=['Madrid', 'Barcelona', 'Valencia', 'Sevilla', \n",
    "                                                                      'Zaragoza', 'Malaga'])\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3141991"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Population of Madrid\n",
    "s['Madrid']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Indexing and slicing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Until now, we have not seen any advantage in using Panda Series. we are going to show now some examples of their possibilities."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Madrid        True\n",
       "Barcelona     True\n",
       "Valencia     False\n",
       "Sevilla      False\n",
       "Zaragoza     False\n",
       "Malaga       False\n",
       "dtype: bool"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Boolean condition\n",
    "s > 1000000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Madrid       3141991\n",
       "Barcelona    1604555\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Cities with population greater than 1.000.000\n",
    "s[s > 1000000]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Observe that (s > 1000000) returns a Series object. We can use this boolean vector as a filter to get a *slice* of the original series that contains only the elements where the value of the filter is True. The original Series s is not modified. This selection is called *boolean indexing*."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Madrid       3141991\n",
       "Barcelona    1604555\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Cities with population greater than the mean\n",
    "s[s > s.mean()]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Madrid       3141991\n",
       "Barcelona    1604555\n",
       "Valencia      786189\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Cities with population greater than the median\n",
    "s[s > s.median()]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Madrid        True\n",
       "Barcelona     True\n",
       "Valencia      True\n",
       "Sevilla      False\n",
       "Zaragoza     False\n",
       "Malaga       False\n",
       "dtype: bool"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Check cities with a population greater than 700.000\n",
    "s > 700000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Madrid       3141991\n",
       "Barcelona    1604555\n",
       "Valencia      786189\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# List cities with a population greater than 700.000\n",
    "s[s > 700000]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Madrid        True\n",
       "Barcelona     True\n",
       "Valencia      True\n",
       "Sevilla      False\n",
       "Zaragoza     False\n",
       "Malaga       False\n",
       "dtype: bool"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Another way to write the same boolean indexing selection\n",
    "bigger_than_700000 = s > 700000\n",
    "bigger_than_700000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Madrid       3141991\n",
       "Barcelona    1604555\n",
       "Valencia      786189\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Cities with population > 700000\n",
    "s[bigger_than_700000]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Operations on series"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can also carry out other mathematical operations."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Madrid       1570995.5\n",
       "Barcelona     802277.5\n",
       "Valencia      393094.5\n",
       "Sevilla       346939.0\n",
       "Zaragoza      332476.5\n",
       "Malaga        284565.0\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Divide population by 2\n",
    "s / 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1243449.3333333333"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Get the average population\n",
    "s.mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3141991"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Get the highest population\n",
    "s.max()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Item assignment"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can also change values directly or based on a condition. You can consult additional feautures in the manual."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Madrid       3320000\n",
       "Barcelona    1604555\n",
       "Valencia      786189\n",
       "Sevilla       693878\n",
       "Zaragoza      664953\n",
       "Malaga        569130\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Change population of one city\n",
    "s['Madrid'] = 3320000\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Madrid       3652000.0\n",
       "Barcelona    1765010.5\n",
       "Valencia      864807.9\n",
       "Sevilla       693878.0\n",
       "Zaragoza      664953.0\n",
       "Malaga        569130.0\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Increase by 10% cities with population greater than 700000\n",
    "s[s > 700000] = 1.1 * s[s > 700000]\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# DataFrame"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "As we said previously, **DataFrames** are two-dimensional data structures. You can see like a dict of Series that share the index."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   one  two\n",
       "a  1.0  1.0\n",
       "b  2.0  2.0\n",
       "c  3.0  3.0\n",
       "d  NaN  4.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We are going to create a DataFrame from a dict of Series\n",
    "d = {'one' : pd.Series([1., 2., 3.], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),\n",
    "    'two' : pd.Series([1., 2., 3., 4.], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])}\n",
    "df = DataFrame(d)\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In this dataframe, the *indexes* (row labels) are *a*, *b*, *c* and *d* and the *columns* (column labels) are *one* and *two*.\n",
    "\n",
    "We see that the resulting DataFrame is the union of indexes, and missing values are included as NaN (to write this value we will use *np.nan*).\n",
    "\n",
    "If we specify an index, the dictionary is filtered."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   one  two\n",
       "d  NaN  4.0\n",
       "b  2.0  2.0\n",
       "a  1.0  1.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We can filter\n",
    "df = DataFrame(d, index=['d', 'b', 'a'])\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Another option is to use the constructor with *index* and *columns*."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "      <th>three</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   two three\n",
       "d  4.0   NaN\n",
       "b  2.0   NaN\n",
       "a  1.0   NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = DataFrame(d, index=['d', 'b', 'a'], columns=['two', 'three'])\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In the next notebook we are going to learn more about dataframes."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## References"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* [Pandas](http://pandas.pydata.org/)\n",
    "* [Learning Pandas, Michael Heydt, Packt Publishing, 2015](http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/programming/python/9781783985128)\n",
    "* [Pandas. Introduction to Data Structures](http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/dsintro.html#dsintro)\n",
    "* [Introducing Pandas Objects](https://www.oreilly.com/learning/introducing-pandas-objects)\n",
    "* [Boolean Operators in Pandas](http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/indexing.html#boolean-operators)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Licence"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The notebook is freely licensed under under the [Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/).  \n",
    "\n",
    "© 2016 Carlos A. Iglesias, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid."
   ]
  }
 ],
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