{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![](http://www.upm.es/sfs/Rectorado/Gabinete%20del%20Rector/Logos/UPM/EscPolitecnica/EscUpmPolit_p.gif \"UPM\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Course Notes for Learning Intelligent Systems"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Department of Telematic Engineering Systems, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, © 2015 Carlos A. Iglesias"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Errors and Exceptions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Errors\n",
    "\n",
    "Errors (or syntax errors) are errors because the syntax is incorrect."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-1-16b482c78ccd>, line 2)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-1-16b482c78ccd>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m2\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    while True\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m              ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Example SyntaxError - missing semicolon in while\n",
    "while True\n",
    "    print \"hi\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Exceptions\n",
    "Even when the syntax is correct, we can have other types of errors."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-2-fb8fe04af7b6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# Example TypeError - wrong use of '+' with different types\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 2\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m+\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'a'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Example TypeError - wrong use of '+' with different types\n",
    "3 + 'a'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "NameError",
     "evalue": "name 'a' is not defined",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-3-82179588c5b9>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# Example NameError:  variable not defined\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 2\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'a' is not defined"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Example NameError:  variable not defined\n",
    "a \n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Exceptions can be handled with the statement **try-except-else-finally**. \n",
    "\n",
    "* **try**: code block when an exception can occur\n",
    "* **except**: code block executed if the exception ocurrs (catches the exception)\n",
    "* **else**:  (optional) code block executed if no exception occurs\n",
    "* **finally**: (optional) code block executed always (both if there is an exception or not)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please enter a number: a\n",
      "Oops!  That was no valid number.  Try again...\n",
      "Please enter a number: 1\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Example\n",
    "# Try to enter a wrong input (e.g. a) and then a number (e.g. 0)\n",
    "while True:\n",
    "    try:\n",
    "        num = int(input(\"Please enter a number: \"))\n",
    "        break\n",
    "    except ValueError:\n",
    "        print(\"Oops!  That was no valid number.  Try again...\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please enter a number: a\n",
      "Oops!  That was no valid number.  Try again...\n",
      "End of input\n",
      "Please enter a number: 1\n",
      "End of input\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Example with finally\n",
    "while True:\n",
    "    try:\n",
    "        num = int(input(\"Please enter a number: \"))\n",
    "        break\n",
    "    except ValueError:\n",
    "        print(\"Oops!  That was no valid number.  Try again...\")\n",
    "    finally:\n",
    "        print(\"End of input\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please enter a number: a\n",
      "Oops!  That was no valid number.\n",
      "Number entered\n",
      "Please enter a number: 1\n",
      "No exception\n",
      "Number entered\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Example with else and finally\n",
    "while True:\n",
    "    try:\n",
    "        num = int(input(\"Please enter a number: \"))\n",
    "    except ValueError:\n",
    "        print(\"Oops!  That was no valid number.\")\n",
    "        continue\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print(\"No exception\")\n",
    "        break\n",
    "    finally:\n",
    "        print(\"Number entered\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Exception can be thrown with 'raise'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "Both arguments should be numbers or strings",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-5-1e4048e7e923>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36madd\u001b[1;34m(a, b)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 3\u001b[1;33m         \u001b[1;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      4\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;32mexcept\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'",
      "\nDuring handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-5-1e4048e7e923>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      5\u001b[0m         \u001b[1;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mTypeError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m\"Both arguments should be numbers or strings\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      6\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 7\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0madd\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'a'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-5-1e4048e7e923>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36madd\u001b[1;34m(a, b)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      3\u001b[0m         \u001b[1;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      4\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;32mexcept\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 5\u001b[1;33m         \u001b[1;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mTypeError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m\"Both arguments should be numbers or strings\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      6\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      7\u001b[0m \u001b[0madd\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'a'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: Both arguments should be numbers or strings"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def add(a, b):\n",
    "    try:\n",
    "        return a + b\n",
    "    except:\n",
    "        raise TypeError(\"Both arguments should be numbers or strings\")\n",
    "        \n",
    "add(3, 'a')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Licence"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The notebook is freely licensed under under the [Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/).  \n",
    "\n",
    "© 2015 Carlos A. Iglesias, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid."
   ]
  }
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