{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![](http://www.upm.es/sfs/Rectorado/Gabinete%20del%20Rector/Logos/UPM/EscPolitecnica/EscUpmPolit_p.gif \"UPM\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Course Notes for Learning Intelligent Systems"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Department of Telematic Engineering Systems, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, © 2015 Carlos A. Iglesias"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Control Flow statements"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Python ends a statement with a colon (:) and blocks are denoted by the level of indentation. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "raw",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Example in Java:\n",
    "\n",
    "if (a < c) {\n",
    "    a++;\n",
    "    b++;\n",
    "}\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "raw",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Example in Python: (observe: no parenthesis (), no ending semicolons (;) but a colon is used (:)\n",
    "if a < c:\n",
    "    a++\n",
    "    b++"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "## 1. Conditional statements: if, elif, else"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import random # import random before using it\n",
    "x = random.randrange(1, 10) # generate a random integer between [1, 10] (both included)\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Too small\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Execute several times in order the previous cell and this one\n",
    "if x < 5:\n",
    "    print(\"Too small\")\n",
    "elif x == 5:\n",
    "    print(\"Just in the middle\")\n",
    "else: \n",
    "    print(\"Too big\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Too small\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Only one branch\n",
    "if x <= 5:\n",
    "    print(\"Too small\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"Too big\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Too big\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Python has no switch statement for multiple branches\n",
    "if x <= 4:\n",
    "    print(\"Too small\")\n",
    "elif x <= 5:\n",
    "    print(\"Small\")\n",
    "elif x <= 7:\n",
    "    print (\"Big\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"Too big\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 2. Loops: for, while"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 2.1. For"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n",
      "9\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# for with ranges\n",
    "for i in range(10): \n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# for with lists\n",
    "l = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
    "for i in l:\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "a\n",
      "b\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# for with tuples\n",
    "t = (1, 'a', 'b')\n",
    "for i in t:\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "k2\n",
      "k1\n",
      "k3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# for with dictionaries\n",
    "d = {'k1':'v1', 'k2':'v2', 'k3':'v3'}\n",
    "for i in d:\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "k2 v2\n",
      "k1 v1\n",
      "k3 v3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We get only the keys. If we want the pairs we need to create a generator (we will see this later)\n",
    "for k,v in d.items():\n",
    "    print(k, v)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 2.2. While"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5\n",
      "4\n",
      "3\n",
      "2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 5\n",
    "while x > 1:\n",
    "    print(x)\n",
    "    x -= 1            # Python does not have x--"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Else is optional\n",
    "x = 2\n",
    "while x < 5:       \n",
    "    print(x)\n",
    "    x += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "source": [
    "### 2.3. Break, continue, pass\n",
    "\n",
    "* **break**: break out of the smallest enclosing loop (for or while)\n",
    "* **continue**: continue with the next iteration of the loop\n",
    "* **pass**: do nothing\n",
    "\n",
    "Both *for* and *while* can include an optional statement else which is executed always unless a break statement is reached"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Goal found at index c\n",
      "End loop\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Example find an element, else executed at the end\n",
    "list = ['a', 'b', 'c']\n",
    "goal = 'c'\n",
    "for i in list:\n",
    "    if i == goal:\n",
    "        print('Goal found at index', i)\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('End loop')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "End loop\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Example else\n",
    "list = []\n",
    "goal = 'c'\n",
    "for i in list:\n",
    "    if i == goal:\n",
    "        print('Goal found at index', i)\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('End loop')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Goal found at index  c\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We improve above code with break\n",
    "# Example else\n",
    "list = ['a', 'b', 'c']\n",
    "goal = 'c'\n",
    "for i in list:\n",
    "    if i == goal:\n",
    "        print('Goal found at index', i)\n",
    "        break\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('Goal not found')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Goal not found\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We improve above code with break\n",
    "# Example else\n",
    "list = ['a', 'b', 'c']\n",
    "goal = 'e'\n",
    "for i in list:\n",
    "    if i == goal:\n",
    "        print('Goal found at index', i)\n",
    "        break\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('Goal not found')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n",
      "10\n",
      "11\n",
      "13\n",
      "14\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Print numbers from 0 to 15 which are not multiple of 3\n",
    "for i in range(15):\n",
    "    if i % 3 == 0:\n",
    "        continue\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Found 4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Find the first occurrence of an element in a list\n",
    "l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2]\n",
    "goal = 4\n",
    "for n in l:\n",
    "    if n == 4:\n",
    "        print(\"Found\", n)\n",
    "        break\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"Not found\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Big\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Example of pass, when we do not want to do anything\n",
    "x = 4\n",
    "if x < 2:\n",
    "    print(\"Low\")\n",
    "elif x >= 2:\n",
    "    print(\"Big\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 3. List comprehension\n",
    "\n",
    "List comprehension are a simple way to create lists like we describe vectors in mathematics.\n",
    "\n",
    "S = {x² : x in {0 ... 9}}\n",
    "\n",
    "M = {x | x in S and x even}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Syntax: first what we want to include in the list (x) and then how to obtain x\n",
    "# list = {x : x in {0 ... 9}}\n",
    "list = [x for x in range(10)]\n",
    "list"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# list  = {x² : x in {0 ... 9}}\n",
    "list = [x*x for x in range(10)]\n",
    "list"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 4, 16, 36, 64]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 72,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# list  = {x² : x in {0 ... 9}, x is even}\n",
    "list = [x*x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]\n",
    "list"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Licence"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The notebook is freely licensed under under the [Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/).  \n",
    "\n",
    "© 2015 Carlos A. Iglesias, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid."
   ]
  }
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